Press Representation

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Teen Trouble 2007
12% of crime is committed by teenagers
Media makes it bad because readers want to read about it.
People forget youths are part of society
Police tell people to move if public call
Mosquito alarm for teens
Newspapers being harsh
CCTV used frequently to catch youths
Cultivation Theory
Proliferation of press coverage will believe that is whats happening in real life, which in turn creates moral panic, making everyone scared of youths.
Hypodermic needle theory. Injected by the media and we believe everything we see or read.
Desensitisation - the more we see in media the more desensitised we are to it so we might get used to it so it doesn't effect us as much
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Reading the Riot Acts
40% of articles focus on violence, crime, anit-social behaviour, 71% are negative!!
TV news: violent crime or celebrities; young people are only 1% of sources
72% of articles are negative; 3.4% positive
75% about crime, drugs and police
About boys: calling them yobs,thugs,sick,feral,hoodies,louts and scum
Only positive stories are about the boys who die young!
What role did new media technologies, particularly social networking sites play in the london riots?
Do media cause riots or revolutions?

QUESTIONS ON YOUTUBE

An Anthropological Introduction to Youtube

Michael Wesch

Whilst watching the video answer these question

1.       When was Youtube first released?

April 2005

2.       According to Michael Wesch what does Web 2.0 allow people to do?

Linking people!

3.       When media changes what else changes?

Human relationships

4.       What influenced the loss of community? And what has now filled this void?

Women having less time because they are working. TV fills the void

5.       How are communities connected?

Media

6.       Explain what he means by voyeuristic capabilities?

Allows you to stare at people without you knowing that your watching them through media

7.       Write 3 points about what he refers when he discusses playing with identity

•       People having many faces

•      Videos can be fakes! not what you expect

•       Dont know what is real!

8.       What does the ‘Free hugs phenomenon’ suggest about people?

They are trying to reconnect with humanity

Online Media

Social
Sharing details and information
Chatting
Youth dominating
Events
Photo sharing
Mark Zuckerburg
Friends
Gossip
Stalking
Status


Positives
More exposure to other cultures worldwide
Good to promote creations (Mark Zuckerburg)
Its free

Negatives
Speak more online than face to face with friends
Vent feelings easier online than in person (shy)
Bullying
Fraping!!!

Development of self-identity
Self-realisation
Increased voice
Awareness of skills
User generated content (UGC)
Increasing diversity within cultures
7 functional building blocks

Media Use in Identity Construction

Katherine Hamley

Highlight key points/quotes that you think are important and then answer these questions when reading this text:

•      Young people are surrounded by influential imagery – popular media (Examples?)

•      It is no longer possible for an identity to just be constructed in a small community and influenced by a family (Discuss)

•      Everything concerning our lives is ‘media saturated’ (What does this mean?)

In society today the construction of a personal identity can be seen to be somewhat problematic and difficult. Young people are surrounded by influential imagery, especially that of popular media. It is no longer possible for an identity to be constructed merely in a small community and only be influenced by family. Nowadays, arguably everything concerning our lives is seen to be ‘media-saturated’. Therefore, it is obvious that in constructing an identity young people would make use of imagery derived from the popular media.
However, it is fair to say that in some instances the freedom of exploring the web could be limited depending on the choice of the parents or teachers. So, if young people have such frequent access and an interest in the media, it is fair to say that their behaviour and their sense of ‘self’ will be influenced to some degree by what they see, read, hear or discover for themselves. Such an influence may include a particular way of behaving or dressing to the kind of music a person chooses to listen to. These are all aspects which go towards constructing a person’s own personal identity.
Firstly, it is important to establish what constitutes an identity, especially in young people. The dictionary definition states the following:

“State of being a specified person or thing: individuality or personality…” (Collins Gem English Dictionary. 1991).

The mass media provide a wide-ranging source of cultural opinions and standards to young people as well as differing examples of identity. Young people would be able to look at these and decide which they found most favourable and also to what they would like to aspire to be. The meanings that are gathered from the media do not have to be final but are open to reshaping and refashioning to suit an individual’s personal needs and consequently, identity. It is said that young people:

“…use media and the cultural insights provided by them to see both who they might be and how others have constructed or reconstructed themselves… individual adolescents…struggle with the dilemma of living out all the "possible selves" (Markus & Nurius, 1986), they can imagine.” (Brown et al. 1994, 814).

When considering how much time adolescents are in contact with the popular media, be it television, magazines, advertising, music or the Internet, it is clear to see that it is bound to have a marked effect on an individual’s construction of their identity. This is especially the case when the medium itself is concerned with the idea of identity and the self; self-preservation, self-understanding and self-celebration.

 “With a simple flip of the television channel or radio station, or a turn of the newspaper or magazine page, we have at our disposal an enormous array of possible identity models.” (Grodin & Lindlof 1996)

I believe the Internet is an especially interesting medium for young people to use in order to construct their identities. Not only can they make use of the imagery derived from the Internet, but also it provides a perfect backdrop for the presentation of the self, notably with personal home pages. By surfing the World Wide Web adolescents are able to gain information from the limitless sites which may interest them but they can also create sites for themselves, specifically home pages. Constructing a home page can enable someone to put all the imagery they have derived from the popular media into practise. For example:

“…constructing a personal home page can be seen as shaping not only the materials but also (in part through manipulating the various materials) one’s identity.” (Chandler 1998)

This is particularly important as not only are young people able to access such an interesting and wide ranging medium, but they are also able to utilise it to construct their own identity. In doing this, people are able to interact with others on the Internet just as they could present their identities in real life and interact with others on a day to day basis.
In conclusion it can be seen that the popular media permeates everything that we do. Consequently, the imagery in the media is bound to infiltrate into young people’s lives. This is especially the case when young people are in the process of constructing their identities. Through television, magazines, advertising, music and the Internet adolescents have a great deal of resources available to them in order for them to choose how they would like to present their ‘selves’. However, just as web pages are constantly seen to be 'under construction’, so can the identities of young people. These will change as their tastes in media change and develop. There is no such thing as one fixed identity; it is negotiable and is sometimes possible to have multiple identities. The self we present to our friends and family could be somewhat different from the self we would present on the Internet, for example. By using certain imagery portrayed in the media, be it slim fashion models, a character in a television drama or a lyric from a popular song, young people and even adults are able to construct an identity for themselves. This identity will allow them to fit in with the pressures placed on us by society, yet allow them to still be fundamentally different from the next person.

1)      TV, Internet, Newspapers

2)      You may create an identity when you are growing up in your community but as soon as you are introduced to things such as the internet it will all change. This is because the persons way of thinking and beliefs will be challenged and possibly changed.

3)      People cant escape from the media it is everywhere so they will be checking it to much and may cause problems.

David Gauntlett

"Identity is complicated - everybody thinks they've got one"

Religous and national identities are at the heart of major international conflicts!

The average teenager can create numerous identities in a short space of time (internet and social networking sites)

We think to think we are unique, but Gauntlett questions whether this is an illusion, and we are all much more similar than we think.

1) Creativity as a process about emotions and experiences

2) Making and sharing to feel alive, to participate, in community

3) Happiness through creativity and community

4) Creativity as social glue a middle layer between individuals and society

5)  Making your mark and making the world your own

Collective Identity - the individual's sense of belonging to a group (part of personal identity)

David Buckingham

"A focus on Identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life and their consequences from social groups"

He classifies identity as an 'ambiguous and slippery' term;

• Identity is something unique to each of us, but also implies a relationship with a broader group
• Identity can change according to our circumstances
• Identity is fluid and is affected by broader changes - how can you relate that to Britishness?
• Identity becomes more important to us if we feel it is threatened

Cultural imperialism is other cultures coming into our society

Inbetweeners

Ben Palmer 2011

Representation

AGE

• Immature
• Wants sex
• Social awkward
• Elders are mean to younger in banter
• Education

ETHNICITY

• English orientated
• Friendly locals abroad
• No black/Asian people in film

GENDER

• Males talk a lot about sex
• Mothers caring
• Women objectified
• Dominated by men

SOCIAL CLASS

• Drinking tea in big house
• Posh accent
• Civilised
• Traditional parenting

Social Class: Reinforcing cultural hegemony/dominant ideologies

Fish Tank (Andrea Arnold 2009)

HOW ARE WE INTRODUCED TO MAIN CHARACTER?

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FISH TANK AND HARRY BROWN?



MEDIA EFFECTS

Do media representations of young people effect how they are perceived?

If so how does this effect occur?

• Hypodermic model - people believe everything they read or hear
• Cultivation theory - if you see enough violence amongst British youth the more likely you are to believe its happening.
• Copy Cat Theory - copy what you see in the media
• Moral Panic - Creates a panic within the society

Contemporary British Social Realism:

• Attempt to portray issues facing ordinary people in their social situations
• Try to show that society and the capitalist system leads to the exploitation of the poor or dispossessed.
• Groups shown as victims of the system rather than being totally responsible for their own bad behaviour.

Audience

• Aimed at a predominantly British audience

Questions to answer when analysis

• Who is being represented?
• Who is representing them
• How are they represented
• What are the intentions of it
• What is the dominant discourse
• What rang of readings are there?
• Look for alternative discourses

Collective Identity

• Media contributes to our sense of  'collective identity' but many different versions change over time
• Representations cause problems for the groups being represented

Stuart Hall 1980 (Active Audience Theory)

• Encoding and decoding is an active audience theory developed by Stuart Hall which examines the relationship between a text and its audience
• Encoding is the process by which a text is constructed by its producers
• Decoding is the process by which the audience reads, understands and interprets a text.

Any representation is a mixture of:

• The thing itself
• The opinions of others
• The reaction of an individual
• The context of the society in which the representation is taking place

Why do we stereotype?

• Media creates simplistic represenations which we find believable.

ESSAY

The main themes for Harry Brown and Quadrophenia are gangs and riots. This is a bad representation of youths.  In Harry Brown there are youths who live on a council estate and cause problems for the police by rioting and setting things a light when they come to arrest Noel. In Quadrophenia the youths also riot to the police in order to make themselves known. This isn’t a good thing and as it shows in the film it causes Jimmy to lose his job. There are also binary opposition in these films between the young and the old. In Harry Brown the binary opposition is between the youths and Harry himself due to Harrys major killing spree he goes on. In Quadrophenia the binary opposition is between the youths and their parents as well as between the youths and the police listing them as rebels. In both films the police are represented as stupid and inpatient as in both films they resort to violence in order to gain control over the youths. In Harry Brown they resort to bringing in the force with protective shields to try and get the hooligans out of the council estate which wasn’t needed. In Quadrophenia the police decide to end a strike that the youths have put up by resorting to violence as well with multiple arrests that aren’t needed. However in the film the arrests of youths gives a positive reaction from them and they turn their lives around apart from Jimmy who ends up going crazy. This shows the youths identity. Some of them react positively to punishment whereas others react badly and may lose their identity. Some of the youths identity will change because the environment around them has changed so they will adapt and behave better whereas Jimmys hasn’t and he goes crazy in the end. The Mcrobbie theory applies here. Her theory is symbolic violence which occurs against the working class. This is very noticeable in both films as the working class is a main target for the gangs.

Ex/An - level 2 - 9 marks - It is 9 marks lvl.2 because you havent got much here so there isnt much explanation.
UoE - level 2 - 10 marks - There are lots of examples in this small piece of text, well done :)
UoT - level 2 - 5 marks - good